The first ecological study of an entire glacier has found that microbes drastically reduce surface reflectivity and therefore have an impact on the amount of sunlight that is reflected into space.
The research, led by the University of Leeds and published today in the journal FEMS Microbiology Ecology, will help improve climate change models that have previously neglected the role of microbes in darkening the Earth’s surface.
Observing how life thrives at extreme cold temperatures also has important implications for the search for life on distant worlds, such as Jupiter's icy moon Europa.
Stefanie Lutz, a PhD student at the School of Earth and Environment at the University of Leeds, and lead author of the study, said: “Our three-week field trip revealed a ‘microbial garden’ of life forms flourishing in this cold environment, including snow algae, bacteria, fungi and even invertebrates.
“Skiers may have seen snow algae before, but not been able to identify it. They are visible to the naked eye as coloured snow – most often red – and are frequently referred to as ‘watermelon snow’.”
The study was carried out on the Mittivakkat Glacier in south east Greenland during the summer of 2012, which was the hottest summer and thus the fastest melting season recorded for 150 years.
“Our timing was serendipitous, as it meant we were able to see changes in microbial processes over an extremely fast melting season and observe a process from start to end across all habitats on a glacier surface. This is the most comprehensive study of microbial communities living on a glacier to date,” said Lutz.
The research showed that, compared to pure snow and ice, the reflectivity of the glacier (known as the “albedo”) can be reduced by up to 80% in places where coloured microbial populations are extremely dense, leading to the darkening of the glacier surface.
Professor Liane G. Benning from the School of Earth and Environment at the University of Leeds and co-author of the study, said: “Previously, it was assumed that low albedo, which is most often measured from satellites, was primarily due to soot or dust. However, our research provides a first, ground-based measure for the microbial contribution to albedo. We have shown that albedo is strongly affected by and dependent upon the development and dominance of microbial communities.
“In future climate scenarios, where even more melting is predicted, it is crucial that we are able to better discriminate between all factors affecting albedo.”
Further information
Stefanie Lutz and Professor Liane G. Benning are available for interview. Please contact Sarah Reed, Press Officer, University of Leeds, on 0113 34 34196 or email s.j.reed@leeds.ac.uk
The research paper, Variations of algal communities cause darkening of a Greenland glacier, was published in the journal FEMS Microbiology Ecology on 12 June 2014.
The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under grant agreement n° 262693 [INTERACT] and a University of Leeds, School of Earth and Environment grant to Stefanie Lutz and Liane G. Benning.
Image
Stefanie Lutz (centre) and Professor Liane G. Benning (left) collecting a biofilm sample on the Mittivakkat Glacier in Greenland.
Credit: Stefanie Lutz, Professor Liane G. Benning and Dr Alexandre Anesio