An extraordinary type of volcanic eruption in Iceland could inject large quantities of hazardous gases into North Atlantic and European flight corridors for months at a time, a new study suggests.
Using computer simulations, researchers are investigating the likely atmospheric effects if a "flood lava" eruption took place in Iceland today. Flood lava eruptions, which stand out for the sheer amounts of lava and sulphurous gases they release and the way their lava sprays from cracks like fiery fountains, have occurred in Iceland four times in roughly the past thousand years, records indicate, the most recent being the deadly and remarkable eruption of Iceland's volcano Laki in 1783-84.
When Laki sprang to life on June 8, 1783, it generated a sulphuric acid haze that dispersed over Iceland, France, England, the Netherlands, Sweden, Italy, and other countries. It killed a fifth of Iceland's population and three-quarters of the island's livestock. It also destroyed crops, withered vegetation, and sowed human disease and death in several Northern European nations. During the eight months that Laki erupted, the volcano blasted 122 million tons of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere - seven times more than did the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines and approximately 50 to 100 times more per day than Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano released in 2010.
Researchers have found evidence in previous studies that a modern Laki-like eruption could disrupt European air traffic. Now, using two computer models that simulate physical and chemical behaviours of volcanic emissions, atmospheric scientist Anja Schmidt at the University of Leeds and her colleagues are refining scientific understanding of the likely concentrations and distributions of hazardous sulphur dioxide gas and sulphuric acid from such an event.
If a Laki-like eruption were to begin in late spring or summer, as it did in 1783, the daily average concentrations of sulphur dioxide during that first month would exceed 40 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in up to a third of the North Atlantic and European airspace, the new simulations show. That concentration falls just under the level of 47 ppbv at which the World Health Organization (WHO) deems chronic exposure to the gas a health hazard, although short-term exposures are considered hazardous only at much higher concentrations. In up to 10 percent of the air space, concentrations would exceed five times the WHO chronic exposure guideline, the researchers found.
The emissions wouldn't come from Laki itself, which volcanologists say has spent its fury, but could explode from several other Icelandic volcanic systems.
Most sulphur dioxide gas emitted by volcanoes rapidly undergoes chemical reactions to form an aerosol - minuscule particles suspended in the atmosphere -- of sulphuric acid droplets. In the new simulations - focusing again on the first month of the eruption -- average daily concentrations of the droplets, in up to 10 percent of the air space, would exceed 10 times London's average daily concentration of the corrosive pollutant, the researchers found.
"It's known that flying through a volcanic ash cloud can damage aircraft. In the case of a Laki-type eruption, high sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid concentrations will have to be considered as an additional hazard," Schmidt said. An acceptable level of exposure for aircraft and their passengers is something for government aviation officials and industry to address, she added.
Schmidt, who is based at the University of Leeds' School of Earth and Environment, presented the preliminary results from the study today in Selfoss, Iceland at the Chapman Conference on Volcanism and the Atmosphere, a meeting sponsored by the American Geophysical Union (AGU). Her collaborators include Kenneth Carslaw, also of Leeds, Claire Witham and Matthew Hort of the UK Met Office, in Exeter, and Thor Thordarson of the University of Edinburgh, also in the U.K. Previous work by Thordarson and others had suggested that a new Laki-like eruption could disrupt air traffic.
When Eyjafjallajökull erupted two years ago, its ash plume created a huge air traffic snarl across Europe for about a week, causing cancellations of more than 100,000 flights, according to published reports. A flood-lava eruption would also spew ash, but it would release far more sulphur dioxide than a volcano like Eyjafjallajökull does, Schmidt explained.
Judging from the past, a Laki-like eruption would likely continue for a lot longer than did Eyjafjallajökull's outburst, possibly cancelling many more flights, Schmidt said. Also, the eruption would be most intense in the first few months, which suggests that atmospheric effects would remain at about the same levels for the first two to three months. "But really, it's the next step in our research to analyze later stages of the impact and determine if and where emission concentrations might pose a short-term exposure hazard," she said.
Schmidt added: "At some point there will be another Laki-type eruption but it's impossible to say when. From historical records we can say it has a recurrence frequency of 200 to 500 years, so there is a low probability."
Schmidt has previously investigated the human health implications of a modern Laki-like eruption. A study published last year in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, on which she was the first author, found that a modern Laki-type eruption could result in 142,000 deaths as a result of cardiopulmonary damage that its emissions would inflict on today's Europeans.
It's difficult to predict exactly what the consequences will be if and when another flood-lava eruption roils the skies of Iceland, Schmidt said, because so many variables affect the behaviour of a volcano and therefore its impacts on aviation and society. But, she added, with sound estimates of the range of possibilities, and how various factors influence them, aviation officials and the airline industry, health care providers and the rest of society can better prepare and plan for the harsh reality of the next Laki-like event.
For further information
For a copy of the abstract "Future Icelandic flood lava eruptions: are our atmospheric models fit for purpose?" please contact American Geophysical Union press officer Kate Ramsayer at kramsayer@agu.org.
Lead author Anja Schmidt is currently at the conference in Iceland. Until June 15 she can be contacted through AGU, email: kramsayer@agu.org or tel: 00 1 202 701-6122. After that date please contact: University of Leeds Press Office, +44 113 343 4031 or email pressoffice@leeds.ac.uk
A high-resolution photograph of a fire fountain at Mauna Ulu in the Hawaiian islands, showing a similar but smaller eruption than the events Icelandic volcanoes are capable of, can be downloaded here: www.agu.org/news/press/pr_archives/2012/2012-29.shtml