Ice temperatures inside the world’s highest glacier on the slopes of Mount Everest are warmer than expected and especially vulnerable to future climate change, warn glaciologists.
In 2017 the EverDrill project research team led by Dr Duncan Quincey from the University of Leeds became the first to successfully drill into Khumbu Glacier in Nepal and record temperatures deep below the surface layer.
The resulting measurement and analysis, published this week in Scientific Reports, revealed a minimum ice temperature of only −3.3 °C, with even the coldest ice being a full 2 °C warmer than the mean annual air temperature.
These results indicate that high-elevation Himalayan glaciers are vulnerable to even minor atmospheric warming and will be especially sensitive to future climate warming.
“The temperature range we measured from drill sites across the Khumbu Glacier was warmer than we expected –and hoped – to find.”
Measuring the temperature range
Study co-author, Dr Quincey from the School of Geography at Leeds, said: “The temperature range we measured from drill sites across the Khumbu Glacier was warmer than we expected –and hoped – to find.
"‘Warm’ ice is particularly vulnerable to climate change because even small increases in temperature can trigger melting.
“Internal temperature has a significant impact on the complex dynamics of a glacier, including how it flows, how water drains through it and the volume of meltwater runoff – which makes up a crucial part of the water supply for millions of people in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region.”
Study lead author Katie Miles from Aberystwyth University explained that the Khumbu Glacier’s vulnerability may have serious consequences for the lifespan and amount of meltwater runoff in the coming decades and it will be important to determine if other glaciers in the region have similar internal characteristics to Khumbu.
EverDrill expedition 2017. Image credit: Evan Miles
Adapting a car wash unit
Working at heights of up to 5,200 metres on the Khumbu Glacier, the research team used a specially adapted car wash unit that produced a pressurised jet of hot water to drill boreholes as far as 190 metres into the glacial ice.
Strings of temperature sensors were installed into these boreholes and left to collect data for several months.
Dr Quincey said: “Until now, the limited amount of data collected from glaciers in this region has made it difficult to predict how environmental change could affect the glaciers’ internal dynamics.
"Insights from the EverDrill project can aid scientists in forecasting the impact of global warming and how long the region can rely on meltwater to feed downstream water supply.“
The expedition team travelled to Khumbu Glacier, Nepal in 2017 and 2018 and included Dr Quincy, Dr Evan Miles now based at the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland, Professor Bryn Hubbard and Katie Miles both from Aberystwyth University, and scientists from Kathmandu and Sheffield universities.
Dr Quincey is EverDrill project leader and oversaw the remote sensing aspect of the project and drilling was led Professor Bryn Hubbard.
Both the drilling work and the remote sensing are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, NERC park of UKRI.
Further information
Top image credit: Evan Miles
The paper Polythermal structure of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier revealed by borehole thermometry is published in Scientific Reports 14 November 2018
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