Astronomers have successfully peered through the ‘amniotic sac’ of a star that is still forming to observe the innermost region of a burgeoning solar system for the first time.
In a research paper published today in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, an international team of astronomers describe surprising findings in their observations of the parent star, which is called HD 100546.
Lead author Dr Ignacio Mendigutía, from the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leeds, said: “Nobody has ever been able to probe this close to a star that is still forming and which also has at least one planet so close in.
“We have been able to detect for the first time emission from the innermost part of the disk of gas that surrounds the central star. Unexpectedly, this emission is similar to that of ‘barren’ young stars that do not show any signs of active planet formation.”
To observe this distant system, the astronomers used the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI), which is based in an observatory in Chile. The VLTI combines the observing power of four 8.2m-wide telescopes and can make images as sharp as that of a single telescope that is 130m in diameter.
Professor Rene Oudmaijer, a co-author of the study, also from the University’s School of Physics and Astronomy, said: “Considering the large distance that separates us from the star (325 light-years), the challenge was similar to trying to observe something the size of a pinhead from 100km away.”
HD 100546 is a young star (only a thousandth of the age of the Sun) surrounded by a disk-shaped structure of gas and dust, called a ‘proto-planetary disk’, in which planets can form. Such disks are common around young stars, but the one around HD 100546 is very peculiar: if the star were placed at the centre of our Solar System, the outer part of the disk would extend up to around ten times the orbit of Pluto.
Dr Mendigutía said: “More interestingly, the disk exhibits a gap that is devoid of material. This gap is very large, about 10 times the size of the space that separates the Sun from the Earth. The inner disk of gas could only survive for a few years before being trapped by the central star, so it must be continuously replenished somehow.
“We suggest that the gravitational influence of the still-forming planet – or possibly planets – in the gap could be boosting a transfer of material from the gas-rich outer part of the disk to the inner regions.”
Systems such as HD 100546 which are known to have both a planet and a gap in the proto-planetary disk are extremely rare. The only other example that has been reported is of a system in which the gap in the disk is ten times further out from the parent star than the one in the new study.
“With our observations of the inner disk of gas in the HD 100546 system, we are beginning to understand the earliest life of planet-hosting stars on a scale that is comparable to our Solar System,” concludes Professor Oudmaijer.
Further information
The research paper, ‘High resolution Br? spectro-interferometry of the transitional Herbig Ae/Be star HD 100546: A Keplerian gaseous disc inside the inner rim’, is published online in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, which is published by Oxford University Press.
Dr Ignacio Mendigutía and Professor Rene Oudmaijer are available for interview. Please contact Sarah Reed, Press Officer at the University of Leeds, on 0113 34 34196 or email s.j.reed@leeds.ac.uk.
Image
Caption: An artist's impression showing the star called HD 100546 (shown in blue, bottom-right). The gravitational influence of a planet could be boosting a transfer of material from the gas-rich outer part of the proto-planetary disk that surrounds the star to the inner regions.
Credit: David Cabezas Jimeno (SEA)