Aggressive brain tumour cells taken from patients were found to self-destruct after being exposed to a chemical in laboratory tests by researchers.
The study could be the first step in tackling cancers such as glioblastoma, which led to Dame Tessa Jowell’s death earlier this year.
The research, led by the University of Leeds, found that the synthetic chemical, named KHS101, was able to cut the energy source of tumour cells from glioblastoma, leading to the death of the cells.
Published in Science Translational Medicine, the research represents an important step forward in tackling this disease, which is one of the deadliest cancers, with a five-year survival rate of less than five per cent.
“This is the first step in a long process, but our findings pave the way for drug developers to start investigating the uses of this chemical”
More than 2,000 people are diagnosed with glioblastoma in the UK every year. It has recently been discussed in Parliament as a disease which urgently requires improvements in treatment options.
Funded initially by the Medical Research Council, the new study showed promising results which may lead to the development of a therapy to fight brain cancer in years to come.
Dr Heiko Wurdak from the University of Leeds led the international research team. He said: “When we started this research we thought KHS101 might slow down the growth of glioblastoma, but we were surprised to find that the tumour cells basically self-destructed when exposed to it.
“This is the first step in a long process, but our findings pave the way for drug developers to start investigating the uses of this chemical, and we hope that one day it will be helping to extend people’s lives in the clinic.”
The study revealed that the chemical was disrupting the mitochondria and metabolism within the tumour cells, and shutting off the energy supply leading to their self-destruction.
To test whether KHS101 could cross the blood brain barrier in mammals – essential for it to be effective in stopping brain cancers – tumour cells were transferred from humans into mice. The blood brain barrier stops most molecules from entering the brain and severely limits treatment options.
The chemical successfully crossed the blood-brain barrier and significantly decreased tumour growth (by around 50 per cent) in mice treated with KHS101 compared with those given a placebo, leading to an increase in survival. Importantly, normal brain cells were unaffected by the chemical.
Tumour cells under normal conditions (left) compared with tumour cells after 48 hours exposure to KHS101 (right), which have been grouped together to undergo cell death.
The team also reviewed how effective KHS101 would be against the different genetic profiles of cells within a tumour, and between tumours in different patients. Genetic variation in tumours has complicated efforts to identify treatments in the past, but the team found that all tested variations of glioblastoma subtype cells responded to the treatment.
Cancer Research UK’s brain tumour expert Professor Richard Gilbertson, who wasn’t involved in the research, said: “Treatment for glioblastoma has remained essentially unchanged for decades, so there is a pressing need for preclinical research like this to identify and characterise potential new drugs.
“While the findings are encouraging, as an experimental chemical, further rigorous testing and refinement of KHS101 is required before trials in people can begin.”
Further research into the properties of KHS101 may lead scientists to discover similar drugs which also disturb the energy sources causing self-destruction of tumour cells, and thus broaden the range of treatment options available in the fight against brain tumours.
The interdisciplinary research group, led by the University of Leeds, included Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Huddersfield, California Institute for Biomedical Research and University of California, San Francisco.
The Medical Research Council, Cancer Research UK, Brain Tumour Research and Support across Yorkshire, Worldwide Cancer Research, the Brain Tumour Charity, the European Commission (FP7), and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council contributed to the funding of the study.
Further information
Tumour cells images credit: Stem Cells and Brain Tumour Group, University of Leeds
The paper ‘KHS101 disrupts energy metabolism in human glioblastoma cells and reduces tumor growth in mice’ was published in Science Translational Medicine on 15 August.
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